|
1.
States of Matter |
|
|
1.1 |
Measurement:
Physical quantities and SI units, Dimensional analysis, Precision,
Significant figures. |
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1.2 |
Chemical reactions: Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept; Atomic, molecular and molar masses; Percentage composition empirical & molecular formula; Balanced chemical equations & stoichiometry |
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1.3 |
Gaseous
state: Gas Laws, Kinetic theory – Maxwell distribution of velocities,
Average, root mean square and most probable velocities and relation to
temperature, Diffusion; Deviation from ideal behaviour – Critical
temperature, Liquefaction of gases, van der Waals equation. |
|
1.4 |
Liquid
state: Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity. |
|
1.5 |
Solid
state: Classification; Space lattices & crystal systems; Unit cell –
Cubic & hexagonal systems; Close packing; |
|
2. Atomic Structure |
|
|
2.1 |
Introduction:
Radioactivity, Subatomic particles; Atomic number, isotopes and isobars, |
|
2.2 |
Quantum mechanics: Wave-particle duality – de Broglie relation, Uncertainty principle; Hydrogen atom: Quantum numbers and wavefunctions, atomic orbitals and their shapes (s, p, and d), Spin quantum number. |
|
2.3 |
Many
electron atoms: Pauli exclusion principle; Aufbau principle and the
electronic configuration of atoms, Hund’s rule. |
|
2.4 |
Periodicity:
Periodic law and the modern periodic table; Types of elements: s, p, d, and f
blocks; Periodic trends: ionization energy, atomic and ionic radii, electron
affinity, electro negativity and valency. |
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3.
Chemical Bonding &
Molecular Structure |
|
|
3.1 |
Ionic
Bond: Lattice Energy and Born-Haber cycle |
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3.2 |
Molecular
Structure: Lewis picture & resonance structures, VSEPR model &
molecular shapes |
|
3.3 |
Covalent
Bond: Valence Bond Theory- Orbital overlap, Directionality of bonds &
hybridistaion (s, p & d orbitals only), Resonance; Molecular orbital
theory- Methodology, Orbital energy level diagram, Bond order, Magnetic
properties for homonuclear diatomic species. |
|
3.4 |
Metallic
Bond: Qualitative description. |
|
3.5 |
Intermolecular
Forces: Polarity; Dipole moments; Hydrogen Bond. |
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4. Thermodynamics |
|
|
4.1 |
Basic
Concepts: Systems and surroundings; State functions; Intensive &
Extensive Properties; Zeroth Law and Temperature |
|
4.2 |
First
Law of Thermodynamics: Work, internal energy, heat, enthalpy, heat
capacities; Enthalpies of formation, phase transformation, ionization,
electron gain; Thermochemistry; Hess’s Law. Bond dissociation, combustion,
atomization, sublimation, dilution |
|
4.3 |
Second
Law: Spontaneous and reversible processes; entropy; Gibbs free energy related
to spontaneity and non-mechanical work; Standard free energies of formation,
free energy change and chemical equilibrium. |
5. Physical and Chemical Equilibria
|
|
|
5.1 |
Concentration
Units: Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality |
|
5.2 |
Solutions: Solubility of
solids and gases in liquids, Vapour Pressure, Raoult’s law, Relative lowering
of vapour pressure, depression in freezing point; elevation in boiling point;
osmotic pressure, determination of molecular mass; solid solutions. |
|
5.3 |
Physical Equilibrium:
Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, solid-gas), Surface
chemistry, Adsorption, Physical and Chemical adsorption, Langmuir Isotherm,
Colloids and emulsion, classification, preparation, uses. |
|
5.4 |
Chemical
Equilibria: Equilibrium constants (KP, KC),
Le-Chatelier’s principle. |
|
5.5 |
Ionic
Equilibria: Strong and Weak electrolytes, Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Lewis,
Lowry and Bronsted) and their dissociation; Ionization of Water; pH; Buffer
solutions; Acid-base titrations; Hydrolysis; Solubility Product of Sparingly
Soluble Salts; Common Ion Effect. |
|
5.6 |
Factors
Affecting Equilibria: Concentration, Temperature, Pressure, Catalysts,
Significance of DG and DG0 in Chemical Equilibria. |
6.
Electrochemistry
|
|
|
6.1 |
Redox Reactions:
Oxidation-reduction reactions (electron transfer concept); Oxidation number;
Balancing of redox reactions; Electrochemical cells and cell reactions;
Electrode potentials; EMF of Galvanic cells; Nernst equation; Factors
affecting the electrode potential; Gibbs energy change and cell potential;
Secondary cells; Fuel cells; Corrosion and its prevention. |
|
6.2 |
Electrolytic Conduction:
Electrolytic Conductance; Specific and molar conductivities; Kolhrausch’s Law
and its application, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Coulometer; Electrode
potential and electrolysis, Commercial production of the chemicals, NaOH, Na,
Al, Cl2 & F2. |
7. Chemical Kinetics
|
|
|
7.1 |
Aspects
of Kinetics: Rate and Rate expression of a reaction; Rate constant; Order and
molecularity of the reaction; Integrated rate expressions and half life for
zero and first order reactions. |
|
7.2 |
Factor
Affecting the Rate of the Reactions: Concentration of the reactants, size of
particles; Temperature dependence of rate constant; Activation energy;
Catalysis, Surface catalysis, enzymes, zeolites; Factors affecting rate of
collisions between molecules. |
|
7.3 |
Mechanism
of Reaction: Elementary reactions; Complex reactions; Reactions involving
two/three steps only. |
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8.
Hydrogen and s-block elements |
|
|
8.1 |
Hydrogen:
Element: unique position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes; Dihydrogen:
preparation, properties, reactions, and uses; Molecular, saline, interstitial
hydrides; Water: Properties; Structure and aggregation of water molecules;
Heavy water; Hydrogen peroxide; Hydrogen as a fuel. |
|
8.2 |
s-block
elements: Abundance and occurrence;
Anomalous properties of the first elements in each group; diagonal
relationships. |
|
8.3 |
Alkali
metals: Lithium, sodium and potassium: occurrence, extraction, reactivity,
and electrode potentials; Biological importance; Reactions with oxygen,
hydrogen, halogens and liquid ammonia; Basic nature of oxides and hydroxides;
Halides; Properties and uses of compounds such as NaCl, Na2CO3,
NaHCO3, NaOH, KCl, and KOH. |
|
8.4 |
Alkaline
earth metals: Magnesium and calcium: Occurrence, extraction, reactivity and
electrode potentials; Reactions with non-metals; Solubility and thermal
stability of oxo salts; Biological importance; Properties and uses of
important compounds such as CaO, Ca(OH)2, plaster of Paris, MgSO4,
MgCl2, CaCO3, and CaSO4; Lime and limestone,
cement. |
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9.
p- d- and f-block elements |
|
|
9.1 |
General:
Abundance, distribution, physical and chemical properties, isolation and uses
of elements; Trends in chemical reactivity of elements of a group;. |
|
9.2 |
Group
13 elements: Boron; Properties and uses of borax, boric acid, boron hydrides
& halides. Reaction of aluminum with acids and alkalis; |
|
9.3 |
Group
14 elements: Carbon: Uses, Allotropes (graphite, diamond, fullerenes),
oxides, halides and sulphides, carbides; Silicon: Silica, silicates,
silicone, silicon tetrachloride, Zeolites. |
|
9.4 |
Group
15 elements: Dinitrogen; Reactivity and uses of nitrogen and its compounds;
Industrial and biological nitrogen fixation; Ammonia: Haber’s process,
properties and reactions; Oxides of nitrogen and their structures; Ostwald’s
process of nitric acid production; Fertilizers – NPK type; Production of phosphorus;
Allotropes of phosphorus; Preparation, structure and properties of hydrides,
oxides, oxoacids and halides of phosphorus. |
|
9.5 |
Group
16 elements: Isolation and chemical
reactivity of dioxygen; Acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides; Preparation,
structure and properties of ozone; Allotropes of sulphur; Production of
sulphur and sulphuric acid; Structure and properties of oxides, oxoacids,
hydrides and halides of sulphur. |
|
9.6 |
Group
17 and group 18 elements: Structure and properties of hydrides, oxides,
oxoacids of chlorine; Inter halogen compounds; Bleaching Powder; Preparation,
structure and reactions of xenon fluorides, oxides, and oxoacids. |
|
9.7 |
d-Block
elements: General trends in the chemistry of first row transition elements;
Metallic character; Oxidation state; Ionic radii; Catalytic properties;
Magnetic properties; Interstitial compounds; Occurrence and extraction of
iron, copper, silver, zinc, and mercury; Alloy formation; Steel and some
important alloys; preparation and properties of CuSO4, K2Cr2O7,
KMnO4, Mercury halides; Silver nitrate and silver halides;
Photography. |
|
9.8 |
f-Block
elements: Lanthanoids and actinoids; Oxidation states and chemical reactivity
of lanthanoids compounds; Lanthanide contraction; Comparison of actinoids and
lanthanoids. |
|
9.9 |
Coordination
Compounds: Coordination number; Ligands; Werner’s coordination theory; IUPAC
nomenclature; Application and importance of coordination compounds (in
qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems e.g.
chlorophyll, vitamin B12, and hemoglobin); Bonding: Valence-bond approach,
Crystal field theory (qualitative); Stability constants; Shapes, color and
magnetic properties; Isomerism including stereoisomerisms; Organometallic
compounds. |
|
10.
Principles of Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons |
|
|
10.1 |
Classification: Based on functional groups, trivial and
IUPAC nomenclature. |
|
10.2 |
Electronic
displacement in a covalent bond:
Inductive, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation; free radicals;
carbocations, carbanion, nucleophile and electrophile; types of reactions. |
|
10.3 |
Alkanes
and cycloalkanes: Structural isomerism
and general properties. |
|
10.4 |
Alkenes
and alkynes: General methods of preparation and reactions, physical
properties, electrophilic and free radical additions, acidic character of
alkynes and (1,2 and 1,4) addition to dienes. |
|
10.5 |
Aromatic
hydrocarbons: Sources; Properties; Isomerism; Resonance delocalization;
polynuclear hydrocarbons; mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction,
directive influence and effect of substituents on reactivity. |
|
10.6 |
Haloalkanes
and haloarenes: Physical properties, chemical reactions. Uses and
environmental effects; di, tri, tetrachloromethanes, iodoform, freon and DDT. |
|
10.7 |
Petroleum:
Composition and refining, uses of petrochemicals. |
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11. Stereochemistry |
|
|
11.1 |
Introduction:
Chiral molecules; Optical activity; Polarimetry; R,S and D,L configurations;
Fischer projections; Enantiomerism; Racemates; Diastereomerism and meso
structures. |
|
11.2 |
Conformations:
Ethane conformations; Newman and Sawhorse projections. |
|
11.3 |
Geometrical
isomerism in alkenes |
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12.
Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Oxygen and
Nitrogen |
|
|
12.1 |
General:
Electronic structure, important methods of preparation, important reactions
and physical properties of alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids, nitro compounds, amines, diazonium salts, cyanides and
isocyanides. |
|
12.2 |
Specific:
Effect of substituents on alpha-carbon on acid strength, comparative
reactivity of acid derivatives, basic character of amines methods of
preparation, and their separation, importance of diazonium salts in synthetic
organic chemistry. |
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13. Biological
, Industrial and Environmental chemistry |
|
|
13.1 |
The Cell:
Concept of cell and energy cycle. |
|
13.2 |
Carbohydrates: Classification; Monosaccharides;
Structures of pentoses and hexoses; Anomeric carbon; Mutarotation; Simple
chemical reactions of glucose, Disaccharides: reducing and non-reducing
sugars – sucrose, maltose and lactose; Polysaccharides: elementary idea of
structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen. |
|
13.3 |
Proteins:
Amino acids; Peptide bond; Polypeptides; Primary structure of proteins;
Simple idea of secondary , tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins;
Denaturation of proteins and enzymes. |
|
13.4 |
Nucleic
Acids: Types of nucleic acids; Primary building blocks of nucleic acids
(chemical composition of DNA & RNA); Primary structure of DNA and its
double helix; Replication; Transcription and protein synthesis; Genetic code. |
|
13.5 |
Vitamins: Classification, structure,
functions in biosystems. |
|
13.6 |
Polymers:
Classification of polymers; General methods of polymerization; Molecular mass
of polymers; Biopolymers and biodegradable polymers; Free radical, cationic
and anionic addition polymerizations; Copolymerization: Natural rubber;
Vulcanization of rubber; Synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers. |
|
13.7 |
Pollution: Environmental pollutants; soil, water and
air pollution; Chemical reactions in atmosphere; Smog; Major atmospheric
pollutants; Acid rain; Ozone and its reactions; Depletion of ozone layer and
its effects; Industrial air pollution; Green house effect and global warming;
Green Chemistry. |
|
13.8 |
Chemicals
in medicine, health-care and food: Analgesics, Tranquilizers, antiseptics,
disinfectants, anti-microbials, anti-fertility drugs, antihistamines,
antibiotics, antacids; Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents,
antioxidants, soaps and detergents. |
|
14.
Theoretical Principles of Experimental Chemistry |
|
|
14.1 |
Volumetric Analysis: Principles; Standard solutions
of sodium carbonate and oxalic acid; Acid-base titrations; Redox reactions
involving KI, H2SO4, Na2SO3, Na2S2O3and
H2S; Potassium permanganate in acidic, basic and neutral media;
Titrations of oxalic acid, ferrous ammonium sulphate with KMnO4, K2
Cr2O7/Na2S2O3,
Cu(II)/Na2S2O3. |
|
14.2 |
Qualitative
analysis of Inorganic Salts: Principles in the determination of the cations
Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Mn2+, Zn2+,
Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+,
NH4+, Fe3+, Ni2+ and the anions
CO32-, S2-, SO42-, SO32-,
NO2-, NO3-, Cl-, Br-,
I-, PO43-, CH3COO-, C2O42-. |
|
14.3 |
Physical Chemistry Experiments: preparation and crystallization
of alum, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, double salt of alum and ferrous
sulphate, potassium ferric sulphate; Temperature vs. solubility; pH
measurements; Lyophilic and lyophobic sols; Dialysis; Role of emulsifying
agents in emulsification. Equilibrium
studies involving (i) ferric and
thiocyanate ions (ii) [Co(H2O)6]2+ and
chloride ions; Enthalpy determination for (i) strong acid vs. strong base
neutralization reaction (ii) hydrogen bonding interaction between acetone and
chloroform; Rates of the reaction between (i) sodium thiosulphate and
hydrochloric acid, (ii) potassium iodate and sodium sulphite (iii) iodide vs.
hydrogen peroxide, concentration and
temperature effects in these reactions. |
|
14.4 |
Purification Methods: Filtration, crystallization,
sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography.
Principles of melting point and boiling point determination; principles of
paper chromatographic separation – Rf values. |
|
14.5 |
Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds: Detection
of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous and halogens; Detection of carbohydrates,
fats and proteins in foodstuff; Detection of alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic,
ketonic, carboxylic, amino groups and unsaturation. |
|
14.6 |
Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds: Basic
principles for the quantitative estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
halogen, sulphur and phosphorous; Molecular mass determination by silver salt
and chloroplatinate salt methods; Calculations of empirical and molecular
formulae. |
|
14.7 |
Principles of Organic Chemistry Experiments: Preparation of iodoform, acetanilide,
p-nitro acetanilide, di-benzyl acetone, aniline yellow, beta-naphthol;
Preparation of acetylene and study of its acidic character. |